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<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Mindmap: Teknik Pendingin / Kältetechnik</title>

<style>

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/* ---- Responsive ---- */

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</style>

</head>

<body>

<div class="logo">UKFTP <span>·</span> TEKNIK MESIN</div>

<div class="main-title">TEKNIK PENDINGIN</div>

<div class="sub-title">KÄLTETECHNIK — MINDMAP INTERAKTIF KOMPREHENSIF</div>

</div>

<div class="status-text">AKTIF · 2025</div>

</div>

</header>

</nav>

</main>

</div>

// ─────────────────────────────────────────────

// DATA STRUCTURE

// ─────────────────────────────────────────────

const pages = [

{

id: 'overview',

icon: '❄️',

label: 'OVERVIEW',

badge: 'START',

accentClass: 'accent-cyan',

render: () => `

<div class="section-title">❄️ Teknik Pendingin — Overview</div>

</div>

<div><div class="card-title">Peta Konsep Utama</div><div class="card-subtitle">Kältetechnik / Refrigeration Engineering</div></div>

</div>

${['Termodinamika\nDasar','Siklus\nPendinginan','Komponen\nUtama','Refrigeran\n& Pelumas','Sistem\nKhusus','Perawatan\n& K3','Lingkungan\n& Regulasi'].map((s,i,a) => `

<div class="ps-title">${s.split('\n')[0]}</div>

<div class="ps-desc">${s.split('\n')[1]||''}</div>

</div>${i<a.length-1?'<div class="process-arrow">→</div>':''}

`).join('')}

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🎯</div><div><div class="card-title">Definisi & Ruang Lingkup</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Teknik Pendingin</strong> = ilmu memindahkan kalor dari suhu rendah ke suhu tinggi menggunakan energi kerja</li>

<li><strong>Hukum II Termodinamika</strong>: proses spontan hanya dari panas → dingin; pendinginan perlu kerja eksternal</li>

<li><strong>COP</strong> (Coefficient of Performance) = Q<sub>L</sub>/W → efisiensi sistem</li>

<li><strong>Rentang Suhu</strong>: normal cooling (>−20°C), deep freezing (−20..−60°C), cryo (< −60°C)</li>

<li><strong>Aplikasi</strong>: domestik, komersial, industri, medis, kriogenik, HVAC</li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">📐</div><div><div class="card-title">Besaran Dasar</div><div class="card-subtitle">Thermische Grundgrößen</div></div></div>

<div class="formula-label">Kapasitas Pendinginan</div>

<div class="formula-desc">h₁ = entalpi keluar evaporator, h₄ = entalpi masuk evaporator</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">COP — Mesin Pendingin</div>

<div class="formula-desc">Q̇₀ = beban pendinginan [kW], Ẇ = daya kompresor [kW]</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">COP — Pompa Kalor</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🌡️</div><div><div class="card-title">Satuan & Konversi</div></div></div>

<tr><th>Besaran</th><th>SI</th><th>Non-SI</th><th>Konversi</th></tr>

<tr><td>Kapasitas</td><td>kW</td><td>RT (Refrigeration Ton)</td><td>1 RT = 3,517 kW</td></tr>

<tr><td>Kalor jenis</td><td>kJ/kg·K</td><td>kcal/kg·°C</td><td>1 kcal=4,187 kJ</td></tr>

<tr><td>Tekanan</td><td>bar / Pa</td><td>psi / atm</td><td>1 bar=100 kPa</td></tr>

<tr><td>Entalpi</td><td>kJ/kg</td><td>BTU/lb</td><td>1 BTU/lb=2,326 kJ/kg</td></tr>

</table>

</div>

{

id: 'siklus',

icon: '🔄',

label: 'SIKLUS PENDINGIN',

badge: '8',

accentClass: 'accent-frost',

render: () => `

<div class="section-title">🔄 Siklus & Jenis Mesin Pendingin</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">💨</div><div><div class="card-title">Siklus Kompresi Uap (SKU)</div><div class="card-subtitle">Dampfkompressions-Kältemaschine — paling umum digunakan</div></div></div>

<div class="ps-title">KOMPRESI</div>

<div class="ps-desc">Uap jenuh ditekan → uap panas lanjut (isentropik ideal)</div>

</div>

<div class="ps-title">KONDENSASI</div>

<div class="ps-desc">Uap panas → cair jenuh di P tinggi (isobar)</div>

</div>

<div class="ps-title">EKSPANSI</div>

<div class="ps-desc">Cairan diekspansi → campuran cair-uap (isentalp)</div>

</div>

<div class="ps-title">EVAPORASI</div>

<div class="ps-desc">Refrigeran menguap, menyerap kalor dari beban (isobar)</div>

</div>

<text x="100" y="182" text-anchor="middle" fill="#b06aff" font-family="Orbitron,monospace" font-size="7" font-weight="700">KOMPRESOR</text>

<text x="100" y="195" text-anchor="middle" fill="#5a7a99" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="6">1→2 Isentropik</text>

<text x="190" y="80" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ff4d6d" font-family="Orbitron,monospace" font-size="7" font-weight="700">KONDENSER</text>

<text x="190" y="93" text-anchor="middle" fill="#5a7a99" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="6">2→3 Isobar</text>

<text x="190" y="22" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ff4d6d" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="8">Q̇K → Lingkungan</text>

<text x="480" y="80" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ffb347" font-family="Orbitron,monospace" font-size="7" font-weight="700">KATUP EKSPANSI</text>

<text x="480" y="93" text-anchor="middle" fill="#5a7a99" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="6">3→4 Isentalp</text>

<text x="480" y="106" text-anchor="middle" fill="#5a7a99" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="6">h3 = h4 (ideal)</text>

<text x="380" y="168" text-anchor="middle" fill="#00d4ff" font-family="Orbitron,monospace" font-size="7" font-weight="700">EVAPORATOR</text>

<text x="380" y="181" text-anchor="middle" fill="#5a7a99" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="6">4→1 Isobar</text>

<text x="380" y="248" text-anchor="middle" fill="#00d4ff" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="8">Q̇0 ← Ruang Dingin</text>

<text x="310" y="50" text-anchor="middle" fill="#5a7a99" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="7">─── TEKANAN TINGGI (P_hoch) ───</text>

<text x="310" y="240" text-anchor="middle" fill="#5a7a99" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="7">─── TEKANAN RENDAH (P_niedrig) ───</text>

</svg>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Kerja Kompresor</div>

<div class="formula-desc">isentropik: s₁=s₂</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Panas Kondenser</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Neraca Energi</div>

<div class="formula-desc">Hukum I Termodinamika</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🔁</div><div><div class="card-title">SKU 2-Tingkat (Zweistufig)</div><div class="card-subtitle">Suhu −40°C s/d −60°C</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Pendingin antara (Economizer)</strong>: Flash Tank atau Heat Exchanger</li>

<li>Kompresor LP + Kompresor HP terpisah</li>

<li>Tekanan menengah: P_m = √(P_L · P_H)</li>

<li>COP meningkat dibanding satu tingkat</li>

<li>Refrigeran: R717, R744, R404A</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Tekanan Optimal Intermediet</div>

<div class="formula-eq">P_m = √(P_niedrig · P_hoch)</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🧪</div><div><div class="card-title">Siklus Absorpsi</div><div class="card-subtitle">Absorptionskältemaschine — H₂O/LiBr, NH₃/H₂O</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Generator</strong>: kalor eksternal melepas refrigeran dari pelarut</li>

<li><strong>Absorber</strong>: refrigeran uap diserap pelarut lemah</li>

<li><strong>Pompa larutan</strong>: satu-satunya komponen gerak; hemat energi listrik</li>

<li>COP_abs ≈ 0,6–1,2 (single-effect)</li>

<li>Cocok untuk waste heat / solar thermal</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">COP Absorpsi</div>

<div class="formula-desc">Q̇_gen = kalor di Generator (sumber panas)</div>

</div>

<span class="tag">Single-Effect</span>

<span class="tag">Double-Effect</span>

<span class="tag">Triple-Effect</span>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🌿</div><div><div class="card-title">Siklus Adsorpsi & Termoelektrik</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Adsorpsi</strong>: zeolit/silica gel + air; tanpa komponen bergerak; waste heat driven</li>

<li><strong>Termoelektrik (Peltier)</strong>: efek Peltier, COP rendah (~0,3−0,6), keandalan tinggi, tanpa refrigeran, skala kecil</li>

<li><strong>Vortex Tube</strong>: pemisahan aliran udara menjadi panas & dingin</li>

<li><strong>Siklus Udara</strong>: Brayton terbalik; digunakan di pesawat (Air Cycle)</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Peltier — Daya Pendinginan</div>

<div class="formula-desc">α=Seebeck coeff, K=konduksi termal, R=resistansi</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🔬</div><div><div class="card-title">Siklus Kriogenik</div><div class="card-subtitle">< −150°C</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Siklus Linde-Hampson</strong>: efek Joule-Thomson; liquefaksi gas</li>

<li><strong>Siklus Claude</strong>: turboexpander + Linde; lebih efisien</li>

<li><strong>Siklus Collins</strong>: untuk He dan H₂ cair</li>

<li><strong>Pulse Tube</strong>: tanpa bagian gerak, sangat andal</li>

<li>Aplikasi: LNG, LN₂, liquid He, MRI, superkonductor</li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🔥</div><div><div class="card-title">Pompa Kalor (Heat Pump)</div><div class="card-subtitle">Wärmepumpe — SKU mode pemanasan</div></div></div>

<li>Prinsip sama dengan mesin pendingin, sisi output berbeda</li>

<li><strong>Air-to-Air, Air-to-Water, Water-to-Water, Ground-Source</strong></li>

<li>COP_HP = COP_R + 1 → selalu > 1</li>

<li>COP praktis: 2,5–4,5 (udara), 3–6 (tanah)</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Hubungan COP</div>

</div>

{

id: 'komponen',

icon: '⚙️',

label: 'KOMPONEN UTAMA',

badge: '5',

accentClass: 'accent-purple',

render: () => `

<div class="section-title">⚙️ Komponen Utama Sistem Pendingin</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🔧</div><div><div class="card-title">Jenis-Jenis Kompresor</div><div class="card-subtitle">Verdichtertypen — Kältetechnik</div></div></div>

${[

{t:'Resiprok\n(Piston)',s:'Hermetik/Semihermetik/Terbuka\nDisplacement positif\nCocok kecil-menengah\nCOP ~0,5-0,7'},

{t:'Scroll\n(Spiralverdichter)',s:'Spiral tetap + spiral orbital\nRendah suara\nR410A, R32\nCapacity modulation'},

{t:'Screw\n(Schraubenverdichter)',s:'2 rotor heliks berputar\nKapasitas besar (>50kW)\nSlide valve regulation\nOil-injected / oil-free'},

{t:'Sentrifugal\n(Turbo)',s:'Impeller kecepatan tinggi\nKapasitas sangat besar\nCentral chiller plant\nVFD control'},

{t:'Rotary\n(Rolling Piston)',s:'Eksentrik pada silinder\nKompak, rendah getar\nR22, R410A\nAC residensial/komersial'},

{t:'Linear\n(Linearverdichter)',s:'Piston bergerak linier\nEfisiensi sangat tinggi\nKulkas modern\nTidak ada engkol'},

{t:'Diafragma\n(Membranverdichter)',s:'Oil-free\nGas murni / sensitif\nMedis & laboratorium\nTekanan tinggi'},

{t:'Turbo-Radial\n(Hermetik)',s:'Compact chiller\nHVAC besar\nMagnet bearing\nOil-free modern'}

].map(item=>`

<div class="t-title">${item.t.split('\n')[0]} <span style="color:var(--dim);font-size:0.6rem">${item.t.split('\n')[1]}</span></div>

<div class="t-sub">${item.s.replace(/\n/g,'<br>')}</div>

</div>

`).join('')}

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Volumetric Efficiency</div>

<div class="formula-eq">η_vol = V̇_tatsächlich / V̇_theor</div>

<div class="formula-desc">Dipengaruhi clearance, kebocoran, panas</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Displacement (Piston)</div>

<div class="formula-desc">d=bore, s=stroke, z=jml silinder, n=putaran</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Daya Isentropik</div>

<div class="formula-desc">η_is = Ẇ_s / Ẇ_tatsächlich</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🌡️</div><div><div class="card-title">Kondenser</div><div class="card-subtitle">Verflüssiger</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Air-Cooled</strong>: fin-tube, kipas aksial; paling umum</li>

<li><strong>Water-Cooled</strong>: shell & tube, plate HX; efisiensi tinggi</li>

<li><strong>Evaporative</strong>: kombinasi udara + air; suhu kondensasi rendah</li>

<li><strong>Microchannel</strong>: aluminium, volume refrigeran kecil</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Perpindahan Kalor</div>

<div class="formula-desc">LMTD = Log Mean Temperature Difference</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">❄️</div><div><div class="card-title">Evaporator</div><div class="card-subtitle">Verdampfer</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Direct Expansion (DX)</strong>: refrigeran langsung ke HX; TXV/EEV control</li>

<li><strong>Flooded Evaporator</strong>: refrigeran cair mengisi HX; efisiensi tinggi</li>

<li><strong>Plate Evaporator (BPHE)</strong>: brazed plate; kompak; chiller kecil</li>

<li><strong>Shell & Tube</strong>: chiller besar; refrigeran di shell/tube</li>

<li><strong>Fin-Tube</strong>: udara langsung; kulkas, fan-coil unit</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Superheat Control</div>

<div class="formula-desc">Target: SH = 5–7 K (TXV) / 3–5 K (EEV)</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🔩</div><div><div class="card-title">Katup Ekspansi</div><div class="card-subtitle">Expansionsventil</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Capillary Tube</strong>: pipa kapiler; fixed; kulkas/AC kecil</li>

<li><strong>TXV</strong> (Thermostatic): mechanical; bulb + spring; paling umum</li>

<li><strong>EEV</strong> (Electronic): stepper motor; presisi tinggi; inverter AC</li>

<li><strong>Float Valve</strong>: flooded system; level-controlled</li>

<li><strong>Hand Expansion Valve</strong>: manual; industri besar</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Laju Alir Ekspansi</div>

<div class="formula-desc">C_d=koefisien debit, A=luas buka</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🔗</div><div><div class="card-title">Aksesori & Komponen Tambahan</div></div></div>

${[

{t:'Filter-Dryer',s:'Menghilangkan kelembaban & partikel; zeolite/silica gel; wajib setelah service'},

{t:'Sight Glass',s:'Inspeksi visual refrigeran; moisture indicator (hijau=kering, kuning=basah)'},

{t:'Liquid Receiver',s:'Tangki penyimpan cairan; buffer; flush charge'},

{t:'Oil Separator',s:'Memisahkan oil dari refrigeran di discharge; screw/sentrifugal system'},

{t:'Solenoid Valve',s:'ON/OFF control aliran refrigeran; normally closed; pump-down cycle'},

{t:'Pressure Switch',s:'HP/LP cut-out; keamanan sistem; manual/auto reset'},

{t:'Akumulator',s:'Suction line; mencegah liquid slugging ke kompressor; kapasitas buffer'},

{t:'Hot Gas Bypass',s:'Kapasitas minimum control; menghindari short-cycling'}

].map(item=>`

</div>

`).join('')}

</div>

{

id: 'refrigeran',

icon: '🧊',

label: 'REFRIGERAN',

badge: '25+',

accentClass: 'accent-ice',

render: () => `

<div class="section-title">🧊 Refrigeran & Bahan Pelarut</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">📊</div><div><div class="card-title">Klasifikasi Refrigeran</div><div class="card-subtitle">ASHRAE Standard 34 — Kältemittelkennzeichnung</div></div></div>

<thead><tr><th>Kode R</th><th>Nama / Kimia</th><th>Kelompok</th><th>T_sdh (°C)</th><th>GWP</th><th>ODP</th><th>Keamanan</th><th>Status</th></tr></thead>

<tbody>

<tr><td>R11</td><td>Trichlorofluoromethane CCl₃F</td><td>CFC</td><td>+23,8</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-high">4750</span></td><td>1,0</td><td>A1</td><td style="color:var(--red)">DILARANG</td></tr>

<tr><td>R12</td><td>Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl₂F₂</td><td>CFC</td><td>−29,8</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-high">10900</span></td><td>1,0</td><td>A1</td><td style="color:var(--red)">DILARANG</td></tr>

<tr><td>R22</td><td>Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF₂</td><td>HCFC</td><td>−40,8</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-high">1810</span></td><td>0,055</td><td>A1</td><td style="color:var(--amber)">FASE OUT</td></tr>

<tr><td>R134a</td><td>Tetrafluoroethane CH₂FCF₃</td><td>HFC</td><td>−26,4</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-high">1430</span></td><td>0</td><td>A1</td><td style="color:var(--amber)">TRANSISI</td></tr>

<tr><td>R404A</td><td>HFC Blend (R125/143a/134a)</td><td>HFC</td><td>−46,5</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-high">3922</span></td><td>0</td><td>A1</td><td style="color:var(--amber)">FASE OUT</td></tr>

<tr><td>R410A</td><td>R32/R125 (50/50)</td><td>HFC</td><td>−51,6</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-high">2088</span></td><td>0</td><td>A1</td><td style="color:var(--amber)">TRANSISI</td></tr>

<tr><td>R32</td><td>Difluoromethane CH₂F₂</td><td>HFC</td><td>−51,7</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-med">675</span></td><td>0</td><td>A2L</td><td style="color:var(--green)">POPULER</td></tr>

<tr><td>R290</td><td>Propane C₃H₈</td><td>HC</td><td>−42,1</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-low">3</span></td><td>0</td><td>A3</td><td style="color:var(--green)">NATURAL ✓</td></tr>

<tr><td>R600a</td><td>Isobutane C₄H₁₀</td><td>HC</td><td>−11,7</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-low">3</span></td><td>0</td><td>A3</td><td style="color:var(--green)">NATURAL ✓</td></tr>

<tr><td>R717</td><td>Ammonia NH₃</td><td>Natural</td><td>−33,3</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-low">0</span></td><td>0</td><td>B2L</td><td style="color:var(--green)">NATURAL ✓</td></tr>

<tr><td>R744</td><td>CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide)</td><td>Natural</td><td>−78,4*</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-low">1</span></td><td>0</td><td>A1</td><td style="color:var(--green)">NATURAL ✓</td></tr>

<tr><td>R1234yf</td><td>2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene</td><td>HFO</td><td>−29,4</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-low">4</span></td><td>0</td><td>A2L</td><td style="color:var(--green)">BARU ✓</td></tr>

<tr><td>R1234ze</td><td>Trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene</td><td>HFO</td><td>−18,9</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-low">7</span></td><td>0</td><td>A2L</td><td style="color:var(--green)">BARU ✓</td></tr>

<tr><td>R454B</td><td>R32/R1234yf (68,9/31,1)</td><td>HFO-blend</td><td>−51,8</td><td><span class="badge-gwp gwp-low">466</span></td><td>0</td><td>A2L</td><td style="color:var(--green)">BARU ✓</td></tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<span style="font-family:'Share Tech Mono',monospace;font-size:0.6rem;color:var(--dim)">KEAMANAN:</span>

<span class="tag">A = Toksisitas rendah</span>

<span class="tag">B = Toksisitas tinggi</span>

<span class="tag">1 = Tidak mudah terbakar</span>

<span class="tag">2L = Mudah terbakar rendah</span>

<span class="tag">3 = Mudah terbakar</span>

<span style="font-family:'Share Tech Mono',monospace;font-size:0.6rem;color:var(--dim)">*CO₂: subl. point (-78,4°C), T_kritis=31,1°C, P_kritis=73,8 bar</span>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🛢️</div><div><div class="card-title">Minyak Pelumas (Kompressoröl)</div><div class="card-subtitle">Bahan Pelarut / Schmiermittel</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Mineral Oil (MO)</strong>: R22 lama; tidak miscible dengan HFC</li>

<li><strong>Alkylbenzene (AB)</strong>: transisi R22→R134a; semi-synthetic</li>

<li><strong>Polyol Ester (POE)</strong>: untuk HFC/HFO; miscible; hygroscopic</li>

<li><strong>Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG)</strong>: R744, mobilitas CO₂; mobil AC</li>

<li><strong>Polyvinyl Ether (PVE)</strong>: HFC kompatibel; rendah kelembaban</li>

<li><strong>Polialfa Olefin (PAO)</strong>: sintesis; screw kompresor</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Viskositas — Hukum Vogel-Fulcher</div>

<div class="formula-desc">Viscosity Index (VI) harus tinggi; ISO 32–68 untuk kompresor</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">⚗️</div><div><div class="card-title">Pasangan Refrigeran-Absorben</div><div class="card-subtitle">Kältemittel-Absorbenspaar</div></div></div>

<thead><tr><th>Refrigeran</th><th>Absorben</th><th>Aplikasi</th><th>T_gen (°C)</th></tr></thead>

<tbody>

<tr><td>H₂O</td><td>LiBr (Lithium Bromida)</td><td>AC & chiller besar; T>0°C</td><td>80–160</td></tr>

<tr><td>NH₃</td><td>H₂O (Air)</td><td>Industri dingin; T< 0°C</td><td>100–180</td></tr>

<tr><td>R22</td><td>DMEU</td><td>Riset</td><td>60–80</td></tr>

<tr><td>H₂O</td><td>Zeolit</td><td>Adsorpsi; solar cooling</td><td>70–200</td></tr>

<tr><td>H₂O</td><td>Silica Gel</td><td>Adsorpsi; waste heat</td><td>50–80</td></tr>

</tbody>

</table>

<div class="formula-label">Konsentrasi Larutan</div>

<div class="formula-desc">ξ_stark > ξ_schwach (gen. melepas refrigeran)</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🌍</div><div><div class="card-title">Regulasi F-Gas & Montreal Protocol</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Montreal Protocol (1987)</strong>: CFC & HCFC dilarang bertahap</li>

<li><strong>Kigali Amendment (2016)</strong>: HFC phase-down 80–85%</li>

<li><strong>EU F-Gas Regulation 2024</strong>: GWP phase-down ketat</li>

<li><strong>ODP</strong> = Ozone Depletion Potential (referensi R11=1,0)</li>

<li><strong>GWP-100</strong> = Global Warming Potential, 100 tahun, CO₂ basis</li>

<li><strong>TEWI</strong> = Total Equivalent Warming Impact</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-desc">L=kebocoran/tahun, n=umur, E=energi, β=faktor emisi grid</div>

</div>

{

id: 'diagram',

icon: '📈',

label: 'DIAGRAM P-h & T-s',

badge: 'RUMUS',

accentClass: 'accent-green',

render: () => `

<div class="section-title">📈 Diagram Mollier, P-h & T-s</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">📉</div><div><div class="card-title">Diagram P-h (Mollier / Druck-Enthalpie)</div></div></div>

<text x="335" y="300" text-anchor="middle" fill="#5a7a99" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="9">h [kJ/kg] — Spezifische Enthalpie</text>

<text x="18" y="160" text-anchor="middle" fill="#5a7a99" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace" font-size="9" transform="rotate(-90,18,160)">P [bar] — Druck</text>

<text x="348" y="48" fill="#00d4ff" font-size="8" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace">Kritischer Punkt</text>

<text x="100" y="268" fill="#b06aff" font-size="7" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace">Uap Jenuh</text>

<text x="95" y="100" fill="#ff4d6d" font-size="7" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace">Uap Panas Lanjut</text>

<text x="424" y="100" fill="#ffb347" font-size="7" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace">Cairan Jenuh</text>

<text x="424" y="268" fill="#00d4ff" font-size="7" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace">2-Phase</text>

<text x="70" y="178" fill="#b06aff" font-size="7.5" font-family="Exo 2,sans-serif" font-weight="700">KOMPRESI</text>

<text x="70" y="188" fill="#b06aff" font-size="7" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace">isentropik</text>

<text x="265" y="100" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ff4d6d" font-size="7.5" font-family="Exo 2,sans-serif" font-weight="700">KONDENSASI</text>

<text x="265" y="110" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ff4d6d" font-size="7" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace">isobar P_hoch</text>

<text x="455" y="178" fill="#ffb347" font-size="7.5" font-family="Exo 2,sans-serif" font-weight="700">EKSPANSI</text>

<text x="455" y="188" fill="#ffb347" font-size="7" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace">isentalp</text>

<text x="265" y="262" text-anchor="middle" fill="#00d4ff" font-size="7.5" font-family="Exo 2,sans-serif" font-weight="700">EVAPORASI</text>

<text x="265" y="272" text-anchor="middle" fill="#00d4ff" font-size="7" font-family="Share Tech Mono,monospace">isobar P_niedrig</text>

<text x="90" y="170" fill="#2a6a8a" font-size="8" font-family="Exo 2,sans-serif">SUBCOOLED</text>

<text x="90" y="180" fill="#2a6a8a" font-size="8" font-family="Exo 2,sans-serif">LIQUID</text>

<text x="310" y="180" fill="#1a4a6a" font-size="9" text-anchor="middle" font-family="Exo 2,sans-serif">2-PHASE</text>

<text x="560" y="100" fill="#2a6a8a" font-size="8" font-family="Exo 2,sans-serif">SUPERHEATED</text>

<text x="560" y="110" fill="#2a6a8a" font-size="8" font-family="Exo 2,sans-serif">VAPOR</text>

</svg>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🧮</div><div><div class="card-title">Rumus Analisis Siklus SKU</div></div></div>

<div class="formula-label">Kapasitas Pendinginan Spesifik</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Kerja Kompresi Spesifik</div>

<div class="formula-desc">Kompresi isentropik: s₂ = s₁</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Panas Kondensasi Spesifik</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">COP Refrigerator</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Laju Alir Massa</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">COP Carnot (Batas Atas)</div>

<div class="formula-eq">ε_Carnot = T_L / (T_H − T_L)</div>

<div class="formula-desc">T dalam Kelvin; ε_real < ε_Carnot selalu</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Efisiensi Relatif</div>

<div class="formula-eq">η_rel = ε_R / ε_Carnot</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">📐</div><div><div class="card-title">Efek Superheat & Subcooling</div><div class="card-subtitle">Überhitzung & Unterkühlung</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Superheat (Überhitzung)</strong>: T₁ > T_sat(P₀); melindungi kompressor dari liquid; +SH → +h₁ → +w</li>

<li><strong>Subcooling (Unterkühlung)</strong>: T₃ < T_sat(P_K); +SC → −h₄ → +q₀; ↑COP</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Pengaruh Subcooling thd COP</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Internal Heat Exchanger</div>

<div class="formula-desc">1'=setelah IHX suction; 3'=setelah IHX liquid</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🏗️</div><div><div class="card-title">Perhitungan Beban Termal</div><div class="card-subtitle">Kühllastberechnung</div></div></div>

<div class="formula-label">Transmisi melalui Dinding</div>

<div class="formula-desc">U = nilai U (W/m²K), A = luas (m²)</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Nilai U Dinding Berlapis</div>

<div class="formula-desc">α = koefisien konveksi, d = tebal, λ = konduktivitas</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Beban Pendinginan Total</div>

<div class="formula-desc">inf=infiltrasi, int=internal (manusia+alat), prod=produk</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Kalor Produk</div>

</div>

{

id: 'khusus',

icon: '🏭',

label: 'SISTEM KHUSUS',

badge: '6',

accentClass: 'accent-amber',

render: () => `

<div class="section-title">🏭 Sistem Pendingin Khusus & Aplikasi</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🏢</div><div><div class="card-title">HVAC & Chiller System</div><div class="card-subtitle">Klimatisierung & Kälteerzeugung</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Chiller</strong>: Water-Cooled (WCWC) vs Air-Cooled (ACWC)</li>

<li><strong>AHU</strong> (Air Handling Unit): mixing, filter, coil, humidifier, fan</li>

<li><strong>FCU</strong> (Fan Coil Unit): terminal unit di ruangan</li>

<li><strong>VRF/VRV</strong>: Variable Refrigerant Flow/Volume; inverter multi-split</li>

<li><strong>Cooling Tower</strong>: heat rejection untuk water-cooled chiller</li>

<li><strong>BAS</strong>: Building Automation System; PLC/DDC control</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Chiller Efficiency (IPLV)</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🧊</div><div><div class="card-title">Cold Storage & Freezer</div><div class="card-subtitle">Kühlhaus & Tiefkühlanlage</div></div></div>

<li><strong>+2°C~+8°C</strong>: chiller store (buah, sayur, susu)</li>

<li><strong>−18°C~−22°C</strong>: blast freezer, frozen food</li>

<li><strong>−30°C~−40°C</strong>: quick freezer; IQF (Individual Quick Freezing)</li>

<li><strong>Panel Insulasi</strong>: PIR/PUR foam; 100-150mm; U ≈ 0,25 W/m²K</li>

<li><strong>Defrost</strong>: hot gas / electric / water defrost</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Waktu Pembekuan (Plank)</div>

<div class="formula-desc">L=panas laten, P&R=konstanta Plank</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🔬</div><div><div class="card-title">Kriogenik & Gas Cair</div><div class="card-subtitle">Kryotechnik</div></div></div>

<li><strong>LNG</strong>: −162°C; Liquefied Natural Gas; Linde/SMR/C3MR cycle</li>

<li><strong>LN₂</strong>: −196°C; cryopreservasi, metalurgi, pangan</li>

<li><strong>LOX</strong>: −183°C; medis & industri</li>

<li><strong>LHe</strong>: −269°C; MRI, akselerator partikel</li>

<li><strong>Efek Joule-Thomson</strong>: ekspansi isentalp gas nyata</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Koefisien Joule-Thomson</div>

<div class="formula-desc">μ_JT > 0: pendinginan; μ_JT < 0: pemanasan</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🚗</div><div><div class="card-title">Refrigerasi Mobile & Khusus</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Automotive AC</strong>: R1234yf (baru), R134a (lama); belt-driven compressor / electric</li>

<li><strong>Reefer Container</strong>: refrigerated container −25°C; R452A</li>

<li><strong>Medical Refrigerator</strong>: +2/+8°C; vaksin; ultra-low −86°C</li>

<li><strong>Server Room Cooling</strong>: CRAC/CRAH; N+1 redundancy</li>

<li><strong>Process Cooling</strong>: industri kimia; recirculating chiller</li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">☀️</div><div><div class="card-title">Solar Cooling & Tri-Generation</div><div class="card-subtitle">Solare Kühlung & CCHP</div></div></div>

<li><strong>Solar Absorption</strong>: parabolic trough / evacuated tube → generator absorpsi</li>

<li><strong>PV + Compressor</strong>: DC compressor + PV panel; off-grid</li>

<li><strong>CCHP</strong>: Combined Cooling, Heating & Power; gas engine + absorpsi</li>

<li><strong>DOAS</strong>: Dedicated Outdoor Air System; dehumidification</li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🌡️</div><div><div class="card-title">District Cooling</div><div class="card-subtitle">Fernkälte</div></div></div>

<li>Sentral chiller plant melayani banyak gedung</li>

<li>CHW distribution: supply 6°C / return 12°C</li>

<li>Thermal Energy Storage (TES): ice/chilled water tank</li>

<li>Efisiensi tinggi: COP 5–7 vs 2,5–3 lokal</li>

<li>Contoh: Marina Bay Singapore, Masdar City</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">TES Ice Storage</div>

<div class="formula-desc">L_f = 334 kJ/kg (kalor lebur es)</div>

</div>

{

id: 'perawatan',

icon: '🔨',

label: 'PERAWATAN & K3',

badge: 'SOP',

accentClass: 'accent-red',

render: () => `

<div class="section-title">🔨 Perawatan Mesin Pendingin & K3</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">📋</div><div><div class="card-title">SOP Perawatan Berkala</div><div class="card-subtitle">Wartungsplan Kälteanlagen</div></div></div>

${[

{t:'Harian',s:'Cek tekanan HP/LP\nCek suhu evaporasi/kondensasi\nCek suara kompressor\nCek level oli\nLogsheet operasi'},

{t:'Mingguan',s:'Bersih kondenser (udara)\nCek filter strainer\nCek sight glass\nVerifikasi superheat/subcooling\nCek getaran & suhu motor'},

{t:'Bulanan',s:'Analisis minyak\nCek working pressure\nLeak check (detektor)\nBersih evaporator fin\nCek belt tension (jika ada)'},

{t:'3-Bulanan',s:'Service filter dryer\nCek koneksi listrik\nCalibrate pressure switch\nCek katup ekspansi\nCek safety valve'},

{t:'6-Bulanan',s:'Bersih kondenser total\nOverhaul kompresor (kecil)\nAnalisis refrigeran\nCek kapasitor motor\nUpdate log dokumen'},

{t:'Tahunan',s:'Major overhaul (besar)\nGanti seal kompresor\nFlush sistem\nPressure test\nSertifikasi ulang (jika wajib)'}

].map(item=>`

<div class="t-sub">${item.s.replace(/\n/g,'<br>')}</div>

</div>

`).join('')}

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🔍</div><div><div class="card-title">Prosedur Pengisian Refrigeran</div><div class="card-subtitle">Kältemittelservice</div></div></div>

${[

{n:'01',t:'Vakum Sistem',d:'Evakuasi ≥ 500 µmHg (~ 30 in Hg) selama ≥ 30 menit; gunakan vacuum gauge digital'},

{n:'02',t:'Leak Test',d:'Nitrogen pressure test; halide/electrochemical leak detector; ≥ 30 menit tahan'},

{n:'03',t:'Charge Refrigeran',d:'Liquid dari receiver; weigh-in method; gunakan manifold gauge set'},

{n:'04',t:'Verifikasi Operasi',d:'Cek superheat, subcooling, ΔT, ampere motor, suhu head kompressor'},

].map(s=>`<div style="display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start">

</div>`).join('')}

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">⚠️</div><div><div class="card-title">Keselamatan & K3 (Arbeitssicherheit)</div></div></div>

<li><strong>APD</strong>: kacamata pelindung, sarung tangan kryogenic/kimia, sepatu safety</li>

<li><strong>NH₃ (R717)</strong>: toksik (TLV 25 ppm); detector gas wajib; masker full-face SCBA</li>

<li><strong>HC (R290/R600a)</strong>: mudah terbakar; no spark; ATEX tools</li>

<li><strong>CO₂ (R744)</strong>: asphyxiation risk; ventilasi ruangan; ≥ 3% vol bahaya</li>

<li><strong>HFC/HFO tinggi</strong>: ruang terbatas; ventilasi wajib</li>

<li><strong>Tekanan tinggi</strong>: safety relief valve; never braze closed system</li>

<li><strong>Kelistrikan</strong>: LOTO (Lockout/Tagout) sebelum service</li>

</ul>

<div class="formula-label">Tekanan Tes (DIN EN 378)</div>

<div class="formula-eq">P_test = 1,1 × P_max,allowable [bar]</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🛠️</div><div><div class="card-title">Diagnosa Kerusakan Umum</div><div class="card-subtitle">Fehlerdiagnose</div></div></div>

<thead><tr><th>Gejala</th><th>Kemungkinan Penyebab</th><th>Penanganan</th></tr></thead>

<tbody>

<tr><td>LP terlalu rendah</td><td>Kekurangan refrigeran / TEV terlalu tertutup</td><td>Cek kebocoran; adjust TXV</td></tr>

<tr><td>HP terlalu tinggi</td><td>Kondenser kotor / kipas mati / overcharge</td><td>Bersih kondenser; cek kipas</td></tr>

<tr><td>Superheat tinggi</td><td>TEV kurang buka / kurang refrigeran</td><td>Adjust TXV; leak check</td></tr>

<tr><td>Liquid slugging</td><td>Overcharge / TXV terlalu buka</td><td>Kurangi charge; adjust TXV</td></tr>

<tr><td>Frost evaporator</td><td>Defrost gagal / filter kotor / udara kurang</td><td>Manual defrost; cek timer</td></tr>

<tr><td>Kompressor panas</td><td>Discharge terlalu tinggi / oil kurang</td><td>Cek ratio P; cek oil level</td></tr>

</tbody>

</table>

</div>

{

id: 'lingkungan',

icon: '🌿',

label: 'LINGKUNGAN & REGULASI',

badge: 'ECO',

accentClass: 'accent-green',

render: () => `

<div class="section-title">🌿 Lingkungan, Limbah & Regulasi</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">♻️</div><div><div class="card-title">Pengelolaan Limbah Refrigeran</div><div class="card-subtitle">Kältemittelentsorgung — DIN EN 378 / PP 22 Tahun 2021</div></div></div>

${[

{t:'Recovery',s:'Penyedotan refrigeran ke tangki recovery; DILARANG dilepas ke udara; wajib menggunakan recovery machine'},

{t:'Recycling',s:'Dibersihkan dari oil & kontaminan; digunakan kembali di sistem yang sama'},

{t:'Reclaiming',s:'Diproses ulang hingga murni standar ARI 700; dapat dijual kembali sebagai new refrigerant'},

{t:'Disposal',s:'Refrigeran rusak/terlarang dikirim ke fasilitas pengolahan resmi; incinerasi atau neutralisasi kimia'},

].map(item=>`

</div>

`).join('')}

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Laju Kebocoran Tahunan</div>

<div class="formula-eq">L = (m_pengisian − m_inventory) / m_sistem</div>

<div class="formula-desc">EU F-Gas: wajib log; threshold per tonCO₂eq</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">Emisi CO₂ Ekuivalen</div>

<div class="formula-eq">E_CO₂eq = m_leaked × GWP [tCO₂eq]</div>

</div>

<div class="formula-label">LCCP (Life Cycle)</div>

<div class="formula-eq">LCCP = TEWI + E_manufacturing</div>

<div class="formula-desc">Indicator lingkungan siklus hidup penuh</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">📜</div><div><div class="card-title">Regulasi Internasional & Nasional</div></div></div>

<thead><tr><th>Regulasi</th><th>Scope</th><th>Kewajiban Utama</th></tr></thead>

<tbody>

<tr><td>Montreal Protocol</td><td>Global</td><td>Phase-out CFC, HCFC, HFC (Kigali)</td></tr>

<tr><td>EU F-Gas Reg 842/2006</td><td>EU</td><td>Leak check, log, sertifikasi teknisi</td></tr>

<tr><td>EU F-Gas 517/2014</td><td>EU</td><td>GWP limits, phase-down schedule</td></tr>

<tr><td>EU F-Gas 2024 (baru)</td><td>EU</td><td>HFO mandatory, 2025–2050 schedule</td></tr>

<tr><td>PerMenLHK P.73/2019</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>Pengendalian zat ODS</td></tr>

<tr><td>PP 22/2021</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>Pengelolaan LB3 termasuk refrigeran</td></tr>

<tr><td>SNI 8011</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>Sistem pendingin – persyaratan keamanan</td></tr>

<tr><td>DIN EN 378</td><td>Jerman/EU</td><td>Persyaratan keamanan & lingkungan</td></tr>

</tbody>

</table>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🏆</div><div><div class="card-title">Efisiensi Energi & Sertifikasi</div></div></div>

<li><strong>EER</strong> (Energy Efficiency Ratio) = Q̇₀ [BTU/h] / P [W]; AC rating</li>

<li><strong>SEER</strong> (Seasonal EER): kinerja sepanjang musim</li>

<li><strong>COP</strong>: metric internasional (SI unit)</li>

<li><strong>IPLV/NPLV</strong>: chiller part-load performance</li>

<li><strong>Green Building</strong>: LEED, GREENSHIP; poin dari refrigeran rendah GWP</li>

<li><strong>EU Ecodesign</strong>: minimum EER requirements per product category</li>

<li><strong>ISO 50001</strong>: energy management system</li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🎓</div><div><div class="card-title">Sertifikasi Teknisi</div><div class="card-subtitle">Techniker-Zertifizierung</div></div></div>

<li><strong>EU Cat. I</strong>: semua refrigeran, sistem tidak terbatas</li>

<li><strong>EU Cat. II</strong>: ≤ 3 kg charge (hermetic < 6 kg)</li>

<li><strong>EU Cat. III</strong>: peralatan hermetic < 3 kg</li>

<li><strong>RSES CM/CMS</strong>: Refrigeration Service Engineers Society (AS)</li>

<li><strong>EPA 608</strong>: sertifikasi AS untuk refrigeran</li>

<li><strong>Indonesia</strong>: BNSP / LSP HVACR; SKK Teknik Pendingin</li>

<li><strong>Jerman</strong>: Kältemittel-Schein (§6 ChemKlimaschutzV)</li>

</ul>

</div>

{

id: 'rumus',

icon: '📐',

label: 'RUMUS LENGKAP',

badge: '40+',

accentClass: 'accent-amber',

render: () => `

<div class="section-title">📐 Kompendium Rumus Teknik Pendingin</div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🔢</div><div><div class="card-title">Termodinamika Dasar</div></div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Hukum I (Energi)</div><div class="formula-eq">Q − W = ΔU atau q − w = Δu [kJ/kg]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Entalpi</div><div class="formula-eq">h = u + p·v [kJ/kg]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Entropi (reversibel)</div><div class="formula-eq">ds = δq_rev / T [kJ/kg·K]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Persamaan Gas Ideal</div><div class="formula-eq">p·v = R_s·T ; R_s = R̄/M</div><div class="formula-desc">R̄=8,314 J/mol·K, M=massa molar</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Kalor Laten Penguapan</div><div class="formula-eq">r = h'' − h' [kJ/kg] (Clausius-Clapeyron)</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Clausius-Clapeyron</div><div class="formula-eq">dP/dT = r / (T·(v''−v')) [Pa/K]</div></div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">💧</div><div><div class="card-title">Perpindahan Kalor</div><div class="card-subtitle">Wärmeübertragung</div></div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Konduktivitas (Fourier)</div><div class="formula-eq">q̇ = −λ · (dT/dx) [W/m²]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Konveksi (Newton)</div><div class="formula-eq">q̇ = α · (T_w − T_f) [W/m²]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Bil. Nusselt (paksa)</div><div class="formula-eq">Nu = α·d/λ = f(Re, Pr)</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Nilai U Overall</div><div class="formula-eq">1/U = 1/α_i + Σ(d/λ) + (fouling) + 1/α_a</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">NTU-Effectiveness</div><div class="formula-eq">ε = Q̇/Q̇_max ; NTU = U·A/Ċ_min</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Kondensasi film (Nusselt)</div><div class="formula-eq">α = 0,725·∛(ρ²·g·r·λ³/μ·d·ΔT)</div></div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">⚡</div><div><div class="card-title">Aliran Fluida & Kompresor</div></div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Kontinuitas</div><div class="formula-eq">ṁ = ρ·A·v = const [kg/s]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Pressure Drop (Darcy-Weisbach)</div><div class="formula-eq">ΔP = f · (L/d) · ρ·v²/2 [Pa]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Kerja Isentropik Kompresor</div><div class="formula-eq">w_s = (κ/(κ−1))·p₁·v₁·[(p₂/p₁)^((κ−1)/κ) − 1]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Rasio Kompresi</div><div class="formula-eq">π = P_hoch / P_niedrig</div><div class="formula-desc">Optimal 2-tingkat: π₁ = π₂ = √π</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Efisiensi Isentropik</div><div class="formula-eq">η_is = (h₂s − h₁) / (h₂ − h₁)</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Daya Motor</div><div class="formula-eq">P_el = Ẇ_komp / (η_mech · η_motor) [kW]</div></div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🧊</div><div><div class="card-title">Refrigeran & Campuran</div></div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Hukum Dalton (campuran)</div><div class="formula-eq">P_ges = Σ P_i ; y_i = P_i/P_ges</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Titel Uap (Quality)</div><div class="formula-eq">x = (h − h') / (h'' − h') = (h − h') / r</div><div class="formula-desc">x=0: cair jenuh; x=1: uap jenuh</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Entalpi 2-Phase</div><div class="formula-eq">h = h' + x · r ; s = s' + x · (r/T_sat)</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Glide Temperatur</div><div class="formula-eq">ΔT_glide = T_dew − T_bubble [K]</div><div class="formula-desc">Refrigeran zeotropik; penting utk desain HX</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Konsentrasi Absorpsi</div><div class="formula-eq">ξ_s − ξ_w = Δξ ; ṁ_ref = ṁ_L · Δξ / (1−ξ_s)</div></div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">🌡️</div><div><div class="card-title">Beban Termal & Psikrometri</div></div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Beban Sensibel</div><div class="formula-eq">Q̇_s = ṁ_air · c_p,air · ΔT [kW]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Beban Laten</div><div class="formula-eq">Q̇_L = ṁ_air · r_w · Δω [kW]</div><div class="formula-desc">ω = kandungan kelembaban [kg/kg]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Rasio Sensibel (SHR)</div><div class="formula-eq">SHR = Q̇_s / (Q̇_s + Q̇_L)</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Titik Embun (dew point)</div><div class="formula-eq">T_dp ≈ T − (100−φ)/5 (approx.)</div><div class="formula-desc">φ = kelembaban relatif [%]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Efisiensi Koil Pendingin</div><div class="formula-eq">η_coil = (T_in − T_out) / (T_in − T_coil)</div></div>

</div>

<div class="card-header"><div class="card-icon">📊</div><div><div class="card-title">Analisis Eksergy & Optimasi</div></div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Eksergy Kalor</div><div class="formula-eq">Ė_Q = Q̇ · (1 − T₀/T) [kW]</div><div class="formula-desc">T₀ = suhu referensi lingkungan [K]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Efisiensi Eksergi</div><div class="formula-eq">η_ex = Ė_produk / Ė_input</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Irreversibilitas</div><div class="formula-eq">İ = T₀ · Ṡ_gen = Ė_input − Ė_produk [kW]</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">Pinch Analysis</div><div class="formula-eq">Q̇_min = Σ (Ċ_H · ΔT) ; ΔT_min ≥ 5 K</div></div>

<div class="formula-box"><div class="formula-label">SPF (Seasonal Performance Factor)</div><div class="formula-eq">SPF = Q_annual / W_annual [−]</div><div class="formula-desc">Rata-rata COP sepanjang musim/tahun</div></div>

</div>

}

];

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